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Jimmy Carter Defends Edward Snowden, Says NSA Spying Has Compromised Nation's Democracy

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LIFETIME  EXCELLENCE FOR FREE INTERNET

TRIBED INTO SUICIDE BY US GOVERNMENT

AARON SWARTZ

November 8, 1986 – January 11, 2013

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CREATOR OF INTERNET PETITIONS AGAINST SOPA

INTERNET BLOCKADE BY THE US-Government

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz

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Aaron Hillel Swartz (November 8, 1986 – January 11, 2013) was  an American computer programmer, entrepreneur, writer, political  organizer and Internet hacktivist who was involved in the development of the web feed format RSS[3] and the Markdown publishing format,[4] the organization Creative Commons,[5] the website framework web.py[6] and the social news site, Reddit, in which he became a partner after its merger with his company, Infogami.[i] He committed suicide while under federal indictment for data-theft,  a prosecution that was characterized by his family as being "the  product of a criminal-justice system rife with intimidation and  prosecutorial overreach".[7]

Swartz's work also focused on sociology, civic awareness and activism.[8][9] He helped launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee in 2009 to learn more about effective online activism. In 2010 he became a research fellow at Harvard University's Safra Research Lab on Institutional Corruption, directed by Lawrence Lessig.[10][11] He founded the online group Demand Progress, known for its campaign against the Stop Online Piracy Act.

On January 6, 2011, Swartz was arrested by MIT police on state breaking-and-entering charges, after systematically downloading academic journal articles from JSTOR.[12][13] Federal prosecutors later charged him with two counts of wire fraud and 11 violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act,[14] carrying a cumulative maximum penalty of $1 million in fines, 35 years in prison, asset forfeiture, restitution and supervised release.[15]

Swartz declined a plea bargain  under which he would have served six months in federal prison. Two days  after the prosecution rejected a counter-offer by Swartz, he was found  dead in his Brooklyn apartment, where he had hanged himself.[7][16]

In June 2013, Swartz was posthumously inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.[17][18]

Contents

1 Life and works  1.1 W3C 1.2 Markdown 1.3 Entrepreneurship 1.4 Activism  1.4.1 Stop Online Piracy Act   1.5 Wikipedia 1.6 Tor2web 1.7 Open Library 1.8 PACER 1.9 Wikileaks 1.10 DeadDrop 

2 JSTOR  2.1 Arrest and prosecution 

3 Death, funeral, and memorial gatherings  3.1 Death 3.2 Funeral and memorial gatherings 

4 Aftermath  4.1 Family response and criticism 4.2 In the press and the arts  4.2.1 The Internet’s Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz   4.3 Open Access 4.4 Hacks 4.5 MIT and the Abelson investigation 4.6 Petition to the White House 4.7 Congress  4.7.1 Congressional investigations 4.7.2 Amendment to Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 4.7.3 Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act   4.8 Commemorations 

5 Publications

6 Notes

7 References

8 Further reading

9 Documentary video

10 External links

Life and works

    Swartz in 2002 (age 15) with Lawrence Lessig at the launch party for Creative Commons     Play media   Swartz describes the nature of the shift from centralized one-to-many  systems to the decentralized many-to-many topography of network  communication. San Francisco, April 2007 (9:29)   

Swartz was born in Chicago, Illinois, the eldest son of Jewish parents Susan and Robert Swartz.[1][19] His father had founded the software firm Mark Williams Company. Swartz immersed himself in the study of computers, programming, the Internet, and Internet culture.[20] He attended North Shore Country Day School, a small private school near Chicago, until 9th grade.[21] Swartz left high school in the 10th grade, and enrolled in courses at a Chicago area college.[22][23]

At age 13, Swartz won an ArsDigita Prize, given to young people who create "useful, educational, and collaborative" noncommercial websites.[1][24] At age 14, he became a member of the working group that authored the RSS 1.0 web syndication specification.

W3C

In 2001, Swartz joined the RDFCore working group at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C),[25] where he authored RFC 3870, Application/RDF+XML Media Type Registration. The document described a new media type, "RDF/XML", designed to support the Semantic Web.[26]

Markdown

Swartz was co-creator, with John Gruber, of Markdown,[4][27] a simplified markup standard derived from HTML, and author of its html2text translator. Markdown remains in widespread use.

Entrepreneurship

Swartz attended Stanford University. During his freshman year, Swartz applied to Y Combinator's very first Summer Founders Program proposing to work on a startup named Infogami designed as a flexible content management system to allow the creation of rich and visually interesting websites[28] or a form of wiki for structured data. After working on Infogami with co-founder Simon Carstensen over the summer of 2005,[29] Aaron opted not to return to Stanford and to instead continue to development on and seek funding for the firm.[28]

As part of his work on Infogami, Swartz created the web.py web application framework because he was unhappy with other available systems in the Python programming language. In early fall of 2005, Swartz worked with the founders of another nascent Y-Combinator firm Reddit, to rewrite their Lisp codebase using Python and web.py.

When Infogami failed to find further funding, Y-Combinator organizers suggested that Infogami merge with Reddit,[30][31] which it did in November 2005 to form a new firm Not A Bug devoted to promoting both products.[30][32] Although both projects initially struggled to gain traction, Reddit began to make large gains in popularity in 2005 and 2006.

In October 2006, Reddit was acquired by Condé Nast Publications, the owner of Wired magazine.[20][33] Swartz moved with his company to San Francisco to work on Wired.[20] Swartz found office life uncongenial, and he ultimately left the company.[34]

Although Infogami's platform was abandoned after the Reddit acquisition, Infogami's software was used to support the Internet Archive's Open Library project and the web.py web framework was used as basis for many other projects by Swartz and many others.[6]

In September 2007, Swartz joined with Infogami co-founder Simon Carstensen to launch a new firm Jottit in another attempt to create another markdown driven content management system in Python.[citation needed]

Activism

In 2008, Swartz founded Watchdog.net, "the good government site with teeth," to aggregate and visualize data about politicians.[35][36] In the same year, he wrote a widely circulated Guerilla Open Access Manifesto;[37][38][39][40] (see #Open Access below for details).

In 2009, wanting to learn about effective activism, Swartz helped launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee.[41]  He wrote on his blog, "I spend my days experimenting with new ways to  get progressive policies enacted and progressive politicians elected."[42]  Swartz led the first activism event of his career with the Progressive  Change Campaign Committee, delivering thousands of "Honor Kennedy"  petition signatures to Massachusetts legislators asking them to fulfill  former Senator Ted Kennedy's last wish by appointing a senator to vote for health care reform.[43]

In 2010,[44] Swartz co-founded Demand Progress,[45]  a political advocacy group that organizes people online to "take action  by contacting Congress and other leaders, funding pressure tactics, and  spreading the word" about civil liberties, government reform, and other  issues.[46]

During academic year 2010–11, Swartz conducted research studies on  political corruption as a Lab Fellow in Harvard University's Edmond J.  Safra Research Lab on Institutional Corruption.[10][11]

Author Cory Doctorow, in his novel, Homeland,  "dr[ew] on advice from Swartz in setting out how his protagonist could  use the information now available about voters to create a grass-roots  anti-establishment political campaign."[47] In an afterword  to the novel, Swartz wrote, "these [political hacktivist] tools can be  used by anyone motivated and talented enough.... Now it's up to you to  change the system. ... Let me know if I can help."[47]

Stop Online Piracy Act     Swartz in 2012 protesting against the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)   

Swartz was instrumental in the campaign to prevent passage of the Stop Online Piracy Act  (SOPA), which sought to combat Internet copyright violations but was  criticized on the basis that it would have made it easier for the U.S.  government to shut down web sites accused of violating copyright and  would have placed intolerable burdens on Internet providers.[48]  Following the defeat of the bill, Swartz was the keynote speaker at the  F2C:Freedom to Connect 2012 event in Washington, D.C., on May 21, 2012.  His speech was titled "How We Stopped SOPA" and he informed the  audience:

This bill ... shut down whole websites. Essentially, it stopped Americans from communicating entirely with certain groups....

I called all my friends, and we stayed up all night setting up a website  for this new group, Demand Progress, with an online petition opposing  this noxious bill.... We [got] ... 300,000 signers.... We met with the  staff of members of Congress and pleaded with them.... And then it  passed unanimously....

And then, suddenly, the process stopped. Senator Ron Wyden ... put a hold on the bill.[49][50] 

He added, "We won this fight because everyone made themselves the  hero of their own story. Everyone took it as their job to save this  crucial freedom."[49][50] He was referring to a series of protests against the bill by numerous websites that was described by the Electronic Frontier Foundation as the biggest in Internet history, with over 115,000 sites altering their webpages.[51] Swartz also presented on this topic at an event organized by ThoughtWorks.[52]

Wikipedia

    Swartz at 2009 Boston Wikipedia Meetup   

Swartz volunteered as an editor at Wikipedia, and in 2006, he ran unsuccessfully for the Wikimedia Foundation's  Board of Trustees. Also in 2006, Swartz wrote an analysis of how  Wikipedia articles are written, and concluded that the bulk of the  actual content comes from tens of thousands of occasional contributors,  or "outsiders", each of whom may not make many other contributions to  the site, while a core group of 500 to 1,000 regular editors tend to  correct spelling and other formatting errors.[53] According to Swartz: "the formatters aid the contributors, not the other way around."[53][54]

His conclusions, based on the analysis of edit histories of several  randomly selected articles, contradicted the opinion of Wikipedia  co-founder Jimmy Wales,  who believed the core group of regular editors were providing most of  the content while thousands of others contributed to formatting issues.  Swartz came to his conclusions by counting the total number of  characters added by an editor to a particular article—while Wales  counted the total number of edits.[53]

Tor2web

For more details on this topic, see Tor2web.

In 2008,[55] Swartz worked with Virgil Griffith to design and implement Tor2web, an HTTP proxy for Tor hidden services. The proxy was designed to provide easy access to Tor from a basic web browser.[56][57]

Open Library

Main article: OpenLibrary

It was reported after his death that around 2006, Swartz acquired the Library of Congress's  complete bibliographic dataset: the library charged fees to access  this, but as a government document, it was not copyright-protected  within the USA. By posting the data on OpenLibrary, Swartz made it freely available.[58] The Library of Congress project was met with approval by the Copyright Office.[59] Other sources[60] show that the file was donated to the Internet Archive from Plymouth State University's  library system, Scriblio. Regardless of the source, the file became the  basis for the Open Library, with Swartz as chief designer.

PACER

In 2008, Swartz downloaded and released about 2.7 million federal court documents stored in the PACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Records) database managed by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.[61]

The Huffington Post characterized his actions this way:  "Swartz downloaded public court documents from the PACER system in an  effort to make them available outside of the expensive service. The move  drew the attention of the FBI, which ultimately decided not to press  charges as the documents, were, in fact, public."[62]

PACER was charging 8 cents per page for information that Carl Malamud, who founded the nonprofit group Public.Resource.Org, contended should be free, because federal documents are not covered by copyright.[63][64]  The fees were "plowed back to the courts to finance technology, but the  system [ran] a budget surplus of some $150 million, according to court  reports," reported The New York Times.[63]  PACER used technology that was "designed in the bygone days of screechy  telephone modems ... put[ting] the nation's legal system behind a wall  of cash and kludge."[63]  Malamud appealed to fellow activists, urging them to visit one of 17  libraries conducting a free trial of the PACER system, download court  documents, and send them to him for public distribution.[63]

After reading Malamud's call for action,[63] Swartz used a Perl computer script running on Amazon cloud servers to download the documents, using credentials belonging to a Sacramento library.[61] From September 4 to 20, 2008, it accessed documents and uploaded them to a cloud computing service.[64] He released the documents to Malamud's organization.[64]

On September 29, 2008,[63] the GPO suspended the free trial, "pending an evaluation" of the program.[63][64] Swartz's actions were subsequently investigated by the FBI.[63][64] The case was closed after two months with no charges filed.[64]  Swartz learned the details of the investigation as a result of filing a  FOIA request with the FBI and described their response as the "usual  mess of confusions that shows the FBI's lack of sense of humor."[64] PACER still charges per page, but customers using Firefox have the option of saving the documents for free public access with a plug-in called RECAP.[65]

At a 2013 memorial for Swartz, Malamud recalled their work with  PACER. They brought millions of U.S. District Court records out from  behind PACER's "pay wall", he said, and found them full of privacy  violations, including medical records and the names of minor children  and confidential informants.

We sent our results to the Chief Judges of 31 District Courts ...  They redacted those documents and they yelled at the lawyers that filed  them ... The Judicial Conference changed their privacy rules. ... [To]  the bureaucrats who ran the Administrative Office of the United States  Courts ... we were thieves that took $1.6 million of their property. So  they called the FBI ... [The FBI] found nothing wrong ...[66]

Writing in Ars Technica,  Timothy Lee, who later made use of the documents obtained by Swartz as a  co-creator of RECAP, offered some insight into discrepancies in  reporting on just how much data Swartz had downloaded: "In a  back-of-the-envelope calculation a few days before the offsite crawl was  shut down, Swartz guessed he got around 25 percent of the documents in  PACER. The New York Times similarly reported Swartz had  downloaded "an estimated 20 percent of the entire database". Based on  the facts that Swartz downloaded 2.7 million documents while PACER, at  the time, contained 500 million, Lee concluded that Swartz downloaded  less than one percent of the database.[61]

Wikileaks

On December 27, 2010, Swartz filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to learn about the treatment of Chelsea Manning, alleged source for WikiLeaks.[67][68]

DeadDrop

For more details on this topic, see SecureDrop.

In 2011–2012, Swartz and Kevin Poulsen designed and implemented DeadDrop,  a system that allows anonymous informants to send electronic documents  without fear of disclosure. In May 2013, the first instance of the  software was launched by The New Yorker under the name Strongbox.[69][70][71] The Freedom of the Press Foundation has since taken over development of the software, which has been renamed SecureDrop.[72]

JSTOR

Main article: United States v. Aaron Swartz See also: § Open Access

According to state and federal authorities, Swartz used JSTOR, a digital repository,[73] to download a large number[ii] of academic journal  articles through MIT's computer network over the course of a few weeks  in late 2010 and early 2011. At the time, Swartz was a research fellow  at Harvard University, which provided him with a JSTOR account.[14] Visitors to MIT's "open campus" were authorized to access JSTOR through its network.[74]

The authorities said Swartz downloaded the documents through a laptop  connected to a networking switch in a controlled-access wiring closet  at MIT.[13][14][75][76][77] The door to the closet was kept unlocked, according to press reports.[74][78][79]

Arrest and prosecution

On the night of January 6, 2011, Swartz was arrested near the Harvard campus by MIT police and a U.S. Secret Service agent. He was arraigned in Cambridge District Court on two state charges of breaking and entering with intent to commit a felony.[12][13][77][80][81]

On July 11, 2011, Swartz was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of wire fraud, computer fraud, unlawfully obtaining information from a protected computer and recklessly damaging a protected computer.[14][82]

On November 17, 2011, Swartz was indicted by a Middlesex County  Superior Court grand jury on state charges of breaking and entering with  intent, grand larceny and unauthorized access to a computer network.[83][84] On December 16, 2011, state prosecutors filed a notice that they were dropping the two original charges;[13] the charges listed in the November 17, 2011 indictment were dropped on March 8, 2012.[85]  According to a spokesperson for the Middlesex County prosecutor, the  state charges were dropped in order to permit the federal prosecution to  proceed unimpeded.[85]

On September 12, 2012, federal prosecutors filed a superseding  indictment adding nine more felony counts, which increased Swartz's  maximum criminal exposure to 50 years of imprisonment and $1 million in  fines.[14][86][87]  During plea negotiations with Swartz's attorneys, the prosecutors  offered to recommend a sentence of six months in a low-security prison,  if Swartz would plead guilty to 13 federal crimes. Swartz and his lead  attorney rejected that deal, opting instead for a trial in which  prosecutors would have been forced to justify their pursuit of Swartz.[88][89]

The federal prosecution involved what was characterized by numerous critics such as former Nixon White House counsel John Dean as an "overcharging" 13-count indictment and "overzealous" prosecution for alleged computer crimes, brought by the U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortiz. Facing almost certain incarceration for alleged offenses about which the victims, M.I.T. and JSTOR, declined to pursue civil litigation, Swartz committed suicide on January 11, 2013.[16][90]

After his death, federal prosecutors dropped the charges.[91][92] On December 4, 2013, due to a Freedom of Information Act suit by the investigations editor of Wired magazine, several documents related to the case were released by the Secret Service, including a video of Swartz entering the MIT network closet.[93]

Death, funeral, and memorial gatherings

External video   Aaron Swartz Memorial at The Great Hall of Cooper Union, (transcript)    Aaron Swartz Memorial at the Internet Archive, (partial transcript)    DC Memorial: Darrel Issa , Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman, Alan Grayson   

Death

On the evening of January 11, 2013, Swartz was found dead in his Brooklyn apartment by his partner, Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman.[74][94][95] A spokeswoman for New York's Medical Examiner reported that he had hanged himself.[94][95][96][97] No suicide note was found.[98]  Swartz's family and his partner created a memorial website on which  they issued a statement, saying, "He used his prodigious skills as a  programmer and technologist not to enrich himself but to make the  Internet and the world a fairer, better place."[19]

Days before Swartz's funeral, Lawrence Lessig eulogized his friend and sometime client in an essay, Prosecutor as Bully. He decried the disproportionality  of Swartz's prosecution and said, "The question this government needs  to answer is why it was so necessary that Aaron Swartz be labeled a  'felon'. For in the 18 months of negotiations, that was what he was not  willing to accept."[99]  Cory Doctorow wrote, "Aaron had an unbeatable combination of political  insight, technical skill, and intelligence about people and issues. I  think he could have revolutionized American (and worldwide) politics.  His legacy may still yet do so."[100]

Funeral and memorial gatherings

Swartz's funeral services were held on January 15, 2013, at Central Avenue Synagogue in Highland Park, Illinois. Tim Berners-Lee, co-creator of the World Wide Web, delivered a eulogy.[101][102][103][104] The same day, the Wall Street Journal published a story based in part on an interview with Stinebrickner-Kauffman.[105] She told the Journal  that Swartz lacked the money to pay for a trial and "it was too hard  for him to ... make that part of his life go public" by asking for help.  He was also distressed, she said, because two of his friends had just  been subpoenaed and because he no longer believed that MIT would try to stop the prosecution.[105]

Several memorials followed soon afterward. On January 19, hundreds attended a memorial at the Cooper Union, speakers at which included Stinebrickner-Kauffman, Open Source advocate Doc Searls, Creative Commons' Glenn Otis Brown, journalist Quinn Norton, Roy Singham of ThoughtWorks, and David Segal of Demand Progress.[106][107][108] On January 24, there was a memorial at the Internet Archive with speakers including Stinebrickner-Kauffman, Alex Stamos, Brewster Kahle and Carl Malamud.[109] On February 4, a memorial was held in the Cannon House Office Building on Capitol Hill;[110][111][112][113] speakers at this memorial included Senator Ron Wyden and Representatives Darrell Issa, Alan Grayson and Jared Polis,[112][113] and other lawmakers in attendance included Senator Elizabeth Warren and Representatives Zoe Lofgren and Jan Schakowsky.[112][113] A memorial also took place on March 12 at the MIT Media Lab.[114]

Swartz's family recommended GiveWell  for donations in his memory, an organization that Swartz admired, had  collaborated with, and was the sole beneficiary of his will.[115][116]

Aftermath

Family response and criticism

Aaron's death is not simply a personal tragedy, it is the product of a  criminal justice system rife with intimidation and prosecutorial  overreach. Decisions made by officials in the Massachusetts U.S.  Attorney's office and at MIT contributed to his death.

Statement by family and partner of Aaron Swartz[117]   

On January 12, Swartz's family and partner issued a statement, criticizing the prosecutors and MIT.[117]

Speaking at his son's funeral, Robert Swartz said, "Aaron was killed  by the government, and MIT betrayed all of its basic principles."[118]

Mitch Kapor posted the statement on Twitter. Tom Dolan,  husband of U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortiz, whose office  prosecuted Swartz's case, replied with criticism of the Swartz family:  "Truly incredible that in their own son's obit they blame others for his  death and make no mention of the 6-month offer."[119] This comment triggered widespread criticism; Esquire writer Charlie Pierce  replied, "the glibness with which her husband and her defenders toss  off a ‘mere' six months in federal prison, low-security or not, is a  further indication that something is seriously out of whack with the way  our prosecutors think these days."[120]

In the press and the arts

    Aaron Swartz mural by Brooklyn graffiti artist BAMN   

The Huffington Post reported that "Ortiz has faced significant  backlash for pursuing the case against Swartz, including a petition to  the White House to have her fired."[121] Other news outlets reported similarly.[122][123][124]

Reuters news agency called Swartz "an online icon" who  "help[ed] to make a virtual mountain of information freely available to  the public, including an estimated 19 million pages of federal court  documents."[125] The Associated Press  (AP) reported that Swartz's case "highlights society's uncertain,  evolving view of how to treat people who break into computer systems and  share data not to enrich themselves, but to make it available to  others,"[48] and that JSTOR's lawyer, former U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, Mary Jo White, had asked the lead prosecutor to drop the charges.[48]

As discussed by editor Hrag Vartanian in Hyperallergic, Brooklyn, NY muralist BAMN ("By Any Means Necessary") created a mural of Swartz.[126]  "Swartz was an amazing human being who fought tirelessly for our right  to a free and open Internet," the artist explained. "He was much more  than just the ‘Reddit guy'."

Gawker  noted the extensive coverage of Swartz's prosecution and suicide,  writing "the suicide of a 26-year-old computer genius is the kind of  story magazines were made to cover: complex but instantly engaging,  offering a window into an unusual world."[127]

In 2013, Kenneth Goldsmith dedicated his "Printing out the Internet" exhibition to Swartz.[128][129]

The Internet’s Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz Main article: The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz

On January 11, 2014, marking the first anniversary of his death, a sneak preview was released from The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz,[130] a documentary about Swartz, the NSA and SOPA.[131][132] The film was officially released at the January 2014 Sundance Film Festival.[133] Democracy Now! covered the release of the documentary, as well as Swartz's life and legal case, in a sprawling interview with director Brian Knappenberger, Swartz's father and brother, and his attorney.[134] The documentary is released under a Creative Commons License;[135][136] it debuted in theaters and on-demand in June 2014.[137]

Mashable called the documentary "a powerful homage to Aaron Swartz". Its debut at Sundance received a standing ovation. Mashable  printed, "With the help of experts, The Internet's Own Boy makes a  clear argument: Swartz unjustly became a victim of the rights and  freedoms for which he stood."[138] The Hollywood Reporter  described it as a "heartbreaking" story of a "tech wunderkind  persecuted by the US government", and a must-see "for anyone who knows  enough to care about the way laws govern information transfer in the  digital age".[139]

Open Access

See also: § JSTOR

A long-time supporter of Open Access, Swartz wrote in his Guerilla Open Access Manifesto:[39]

The world's entire scientific ... heritage ... is increasingly being  digitized and locked up by a handful of private corporations....

The Open Access Movement has fought valiantly to ensure that scientists  do not sign their copyrights away but instead ensure their work is  published on the Internet, under terms that allow anyone to access it.

Supporters of Swartz responded to news of his death with an effort called #PDFTribute[140] to promote Open Access.[141][142] On January 12, Eva Vivalt, a development economist at the World Bank, began posting her academic articles online using the hashtag #pdftribute as a tribute to Swartz.[142][143][144] Scholars posted links to their works.[145]

Swartz's death prompted calls for more open access to scholarly data (e.g., open science data).[146][147]

The Think Computer Foundation and the Center for Information Technology Policy (CITP) at Princeton University announced scholarships awarded in memory of Aaron Swartz.[148]

In 2013, Aaron Swartz was posthumously awarded the American Library Association's James Madison Award  for being an "outspoken advocate for public participation in government  and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed scholarly articles."[149][150]

In March, the editor and editorial board of the Journal of Library Administration resigned en masse, citing a dispute with the journal's publisher, Routledge.[151]  One board member wrote of a "crisis of conscience about publishing in a  journal that was not open access" after the death of Aaron Swartz.[152][153]

In 2002, Swartz had stated that when he died he wanted all the contents of his hard drives made publicly available.[154]

Hacks

On January 13, 2013, members of Anonymous  hacked two websites on the MIT domain, replacing them with tributes to  Swartz that called on members of the Internet community to use his death  as a rallying point for the open access movement. The banner included a list of demands for improvements in the U.S. copyright system, along with Swartz's Guerilla Open Access Manifesto.[155]

On the night of January 18, 2013, MIT's e-mail system was taken out of action for ten hours.[156] On January 22, e-mail sent to MIT was redirected by hackers Aush0k and TibitXimer to the Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology.  All other traffic to MIT was redirected to a computer at Harvard  University that was publishing a statement headed "R.I.P Aaron Swartz,"[157] with text from a 2009 posting by Swartz,[158] accompanied by a chiptunes version of The Star-Spangled Banner. MIT regained full control after about seven hours.[159]

In the early hours of January 26, 2013, the U.S. Sentencing Commission website, USSC.gov, was hacked by Anonymous.[160][161] The home page was replaced with an embedded YouTube video, Anonymous Operation Last Resort. The video statement said Swartz "faced an impossible choice".[162][163]

A hacker downloaded "hundreds of thousands" of scientific-journal  articles from a Swiss publisher's website and republished them on the  open Web in Swartz's honor a week before the first anniversary of his  death.[164]

MIT and the Abelson investigation

MIT maintains an open-campus policy along with an "open network."[79][165] Two days after Swartz's death, MIT President L. Rafael Reif commissioned professor Hal Abelson to lead an analysis of MIT's options and decisions relating to Swartz's "legal struggles."[166][167]  To help guide the fact-finding stage of the review, MIT created a  website where community members could suggest questions and issues for  the review to address.[168][169]

Swartz's attorneys have requested that all pretrial discovery documents be made public, a move which MIT opposed.[170] Swartz allies have criticized MIT for its opposition to releasing the evidence without redactions.[171]

On July 26, 2013, the Abelson panel submitted a 182-page report to  MIT president, L. Rafael Reif, who authorized its public release on July  30.[172][173][174]  The panel reported that MIT had not supported charges against Swartz  and cleared the institution of wrongdoing. However, its report also  noted that despite MIT's advocacy for open access  culture at the institutional level and beyond, the university never  extended that support to Swartz. The report revealed, for example, that  while MIT considered the possibility of issuing a public statement about  its position on the case, it never materialized.[175]

Petition to the White House

See also: Carmen Ortiz and Stephen Heymann

After Swartz's death, more than 50,000 people signed an online petition[176] to the White House calling for the removal of Ortiz, "for overreach in the case of Aaron Swartz."[177] A similar petition[178] was submitted calling for prosecutor Stephen Heymann's firing.[179][180]

Congress

Several members of the U.S. House of Representatives — Republican Darrell Issa and Democrats Jared Polis and Zoe Lofgren — all on the House Judiciary Committee,  have raised questions regarding the government's handling of the case.  Calling the charges against him "ridiculous and trumped up," Polis said  Swartz was a "martyr", whose death illustrated the need for Congress to  limit the discretion of federal prosecutors.[181] Speaking at a memorial for Swartz on Capitol Hill, Issa said

Ultimately, knowledge belongs to all the people of the world....  Aaron understood that.... Our copyright laws were created for the  purpose of promoting useful works, not hiding them.

Massachusetts Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren  issued a statement saying "[Aaron's] advocacy for Internet freedom,  social justice, and Wall Street reform demonstrated ... the power of his  ideas...."[182] In a letter to Attorney General Eric Holder,[183] Texas Republican Senator John Cornyn  asked, "On what basis did the U.S. Attorney for the District of  Massachusetts conclude that her office's conduct was ‘appropriate'?" and  "Was the prosecution of Mr. Swartz in any way retaliation for his  exercise of his rights as a citizen under the Freedom of Information  Act?"[184][185][186]

Congressional investigations

Issa, who chairs the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, announced that he would investigate the Justice Department's actions in prosecuting Swartz.[181] In a statement to the Huffington Post,  he praised Swartz's work toward "open government and free access to the  people." Issa's investigation has garnered some bipartisan support.[182]

On January 28, 2013, Issa and ranking committee member Elijah Cummings published a letter to U.S. Attorney General Holder, questioning why federal prosecutors had filed the superseding indictment.[87][187]

On February 20, WBUR  reported that Ortiz was expected to testify at an upcoming Oversight  Committee hearing about her office's handling of the Swartz case.[188]

On February 22, Associate Deputy Attorney General Steven Reich conducted a briefing for congressional staffers involved in the investigation.[189][190] They were told that Swartz's Guerilla Open Access Manifesto played a role in prosecutorial decision-making.[38][189][190]  Some are reported to have been left with the impression that  prosecutors believed Swartz had to be convicted of a felony carrying at  least a short prison sentence in order to justify having filed the case  against him in the first place.[189][190]

Excoriating the Department of Justice as the "Department of Vengeance", Stinebrickner-Kauffman told the Guardian that the DOJ had erred in relying on Swartz's Guerilla Open Access Manifesto  as an accurate indication of his beliefs by 2010. "He was no longer a  single issue activist," she said. "He was into lots of things, from  healthcare, to climate change to money in politics."[38]

On March 6, Holder testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that the case was "a good use of prosecutorial discretion."[191]  Stinebrickner-Kauffman issued a statement in reply, repeating and  amplifying her claims of prosecutorial misconduct. Public documents, she  wrote, reveal that prosecutor Stephen Heymann "instructed the Secret  Service to seize and hold evidence without a warrant... lied to the  judge about that fact in written briefs... [and] withheld exculpatory  evidence... for over a year," violating his legal and ethical  obligations to turn it over.[192]

On March 22, Sen. Al Franken  wrote Holder a letter expressing concerns. Franken said, "charging a  young man like Mr. Swartz with federal offenses punishable by over 35  years of federal imprisonment seems remarkably aggressive — particularly  when it appears that one of the principal aggrieved parties ... did not  support a criminal prosecution."[193]

Amendment to Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Main article: Aaron's Law    Wikisource has original text related to this article: Rep Zoe Lofgren Introduces Bipartisan Aaron's Law   

Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif.) introduced a bill, Aaron's Law (H.R. 2454, S. 1196[194]) to exclude terms of service violations from the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and from the wire fraud statute.[195]

Lawrence Lessig  wrote of the bill, "this is a critically important change.... The CFAA  was the hook for the government's bullying.... This law would remove  that hook. In a single line: no longer would it be a felony to breach a  contract."[196]  Professor Orin Kerr, a specialist in the nexus between computer law and  criminal law, wrote that he had been arguing for precisely this sort of  reform of the Act for years.[197] The ACLU, too, has called for reform of the CFAA to "remove the dangerously broad criminalization of online activity."[198] The EFF has mounted a campaign for these reforms.[199]

Lessig's inaugural Chair lecture as Furman Professor of Law and Leadership was entitled Aaron's Laws: Law and Justice in a Digital Age; he dedicated the lecture to Swartz.[59][200][201][202]

Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act

The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act  (FASTR) is a bill that would mandate earlier public release of  taxpayer-funded research. FASTR has been described as "The Other Aaron's  Law."[203]

Sen. Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) and Sen. John Cornyn (R-Tex.) introduced the  Senate version, while the bill was introduced to the House by Reps. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif.), Mike Doyle (D-Pa.) and Kevin Yoder  (R-Kans.). Sen. Wyden wrote of the bill, "the FASTR act provides that  access because taxpayer funded research should never be hidden behind a  paywall."[204]

External video   Induction Ceremony - Aaron Swartz Video on YouTube   

Commemorations

On August 3, 2013, Swartz was posthumously inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.[17][18]

There was a hackathon held in Swartz' memory around the date of his birthday in 2013.[205][206]

Over the weekend of November 8–10, 2013, inspired by Swartz's work  and life, a second annual hackathon was held in at least 16 cities  around the world.[207][208][209] Preliminary topics worked on at the 2013 Aaron Swartz Hackathon[210] were privacy and software tools, transparency, activism, access, legal fixes, and a low-cost book scanner.[211]

In January 2014, Lawrence Lessig led a walk across New Hampshire in honor of Swartz, rallying for campaign finance reform.[212][213]

Publications

Swartz, Aaron; Hendler, James (October 2001), "The Semantic Web: A network of content for the digital city", Proceedings of the Second Annual Digital Cities Workshop, Kyoto, JP: Blogspace.

Swartz, Aaron (January–February 2002). "MusicBrainz: A Semantic Web service" (PDF). IEEE Intelligent Systems (UMBC) 17 (1): 76–77. doi:10.1109/5254.988466. ISSN 1541-1672.

Gruber, John; Swartz, Aaron (December 2004), Markdown definition, Daring Fireball.

Swartz, Aaron (July 2008). "Guerilla Open Access Manifesto".

Swartz, Aaron; James Hendler (2009). Building programmable Web sites. S.F.: Morgan & Claypool. ISBN 1-59829-920-4.

Swartz, Aaron (Interviewee). We can change the world (Video). YouTube.

Swartz, Aaron (Speaker) (May 21, 2012). Keynote address at Freedom To Connect 2012: How we stopped SOPA (Video). D.C.: YouTube.

Swartz, Aaron (February 2013) [2009]. Aaron Swartz's A programmable Web: An unfinished work ( PDF). San Francisco: Morgan & Claypool. Lay summary. To Dan Connolly, who not only created the Web but found time to teach it to me.

Notes

^  Swartz has been identified as a cofounder of Reddit, but the title is a  source of controversy. With the merger of Infogami and Reddit, Swartz  became a coowner and director of parent company Not A Bug, Inc., along  with Reddit cofounders Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian.[214] Swartz has been referred to as "cofounder" in the press and by investor Paul Graham (who recommended the merger); Ohanian describes him as "co-owner".[32][215] ^  The MIT network administration office told MIT police that  "approximately 70 gigabytes of data had been downloaded, 98% of which  was from JSTOR."[13]  The first federal indictment alleged "approximately 4.8 million  articles", "1.7 million" of which "were made available by independent  publishers for purchase through JSTOR's Publisher Sales Service."[14]  The subsequent DOJ press release alleged "over four million articles".  The superseding indictment removed the estimates and instead  characterized the amount as "a major portion of the total archive in  which JSTOR had invested."[14]

References

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Kraft, Dina (March 14, 2013). "‘Repairing the world’ was Aaron Swartz’s calling". Haaretz (Tel Aviv). ...  [H]is father said.... [A]lthough the young technologist and activist  grew up to call himself an atheist, the values he grew up with appeared  foundational.

"RSS creator Aaron Swartz dead at 26". Harvard Magazine. January 14, 2013. Swartz  helped create RSS—a family of Web feed formats used to publish  frequently updated works (blog entries, news headlines, ...) in a  standardized format—at the age of 14.

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Grehan, Rick (August 10, 2011). "Pillars of Python: Web.py Web framework". InfoWorld. Web.py,  the brainchild of Aaron Swartz, who developed it while working at  Reddit.com, describes itself as a ‘minimalist’s framework.’ ... Test  Center Scorecard: Capability 7; Ease of Development 9; Documentation 7;  ...; Overall Score 7.6, Good.

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https://dk.linkedin.com/in/simoncarstensen

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"Breaking News: Condé Nast/Wired Acquires Reddit". Techcrunch. October 31, 2006.

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"The team". Watchdog.net. Founder Aaron Swartz ... We’re funded by a grant from the Sunlight Network and the Sunlight Foundation.

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Victory! HonorKennedy.com - YouTube

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"Terms and Conditions of Use". JSTOR. New York: ITHAKA. January 15, 2013. JSTOR's  integrated digital platform is a trusted digital repository providing  for long-term preservation and access to ... scholarly materials:  journal issues ...; manuscripts and monographs; ...; spatial/geographic  information systems data; plant specimens; ...

MacFarquhar, Larissa (March 11, 2013). "Requiem for a dream: The tragedy of Aaron Swartz". The New Yorker. [Swartz]  wrote a script that instructed his computer to download articles  continuously, something that was forbidden by JSTOR's terms of  service.... He spoofed the computer's address.... This happened several  times. MIT traced the requests to his laptop, which he had hidden in an  unlocked closet.

Lindsay, Jay (July 19, 2011). "Feds: Harvard fellow hacked millions of papers". Boston. Associated Press. Retrieved January 15, 2013.

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Cohen, Noam (January 20, 2013). "How M.I.T. ensnared a hacker, bucking a freewheeling culture". The New York Times. p. A1. ‘Suspect  is seen on camera entering network closet' [in an unlocked  building].... Within a mile of MIT ... he was stopped by an MIT police  captain and [U.S. Secret Service agent] Pickett.

Peters, Justin (February 7, 2013). "The Idealist: Aaron Swartz wanted to save the world. Why couldn't he save himself?". Slate (N.Y.C.). 6. The  superseding indictment ... claimed that Swartz had ‘contrived to break  into a restricted-access wiring closet at MIT.' But the closet door had  been unlocked—and remained unlocked even after the university and  authorities were aware that someone had been in there trying to access  the school's network.

Merritt, Jeralyn (January 14, 2013). "MIT to conduct internal probe on its role in Aaron Swartz case". TalkLeft (blog). Att'y Jeralyn Merritt. The  wiring closet was not locked and was accessible to the public. If you  look at the pictures supplied by the Government, you can see graffiti on  one wall.

Hak, Susana; Paz, Gabriella (January 26, 2011). "Compilation of December 15, 2010–January 20, 2011". Hak–De Paz Police Log Compilations (MIT Crime Club). p. 6. January 6, 2:20 p.m., Aaron Swartz, was arrested at 24 Lee Street as a suspect for breaking and entering....

Singel, Ryan (February 27, 2011). "Rogue academic downloader busted by MIT webcam stakeout, arrest report says". Wired (N.Y.C.). Swartz  is accused ... of stealing the articles by attaching a laptop directly  to a network switch in ... a ‘restricted' room, though neither the  police report nor the indictment [mentions] a door lock or signage  indicating the room is off-limits.

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"Cambridge man indicted on breaking & entering charges, larceny charges in connection with data theft" (Press release). Middlesex District Attorney. November 17, 2011. Swartz  ... was indicted today on charges of Breaking and Entering with Intent  to Commit a Felony, Larceny over $250, and Unauthorized Access to a  Computer Network by a Middlesex Superior Grand Jury.

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Guy, Sandra (January 15, 2013). "Aaron Swartz was ‘killed by government,' father says at funeral". Chicago Sun-Times. Swartz's  father ... said that at a school event, 3-year-old Aaron read to his  parents while all of the other parents read to their children.

Murphey, Shelly, US attorney's husband stirs Twitter storm on Swartz case, The Boston Globe, January 16, 2013.. Retrieved January 17, 2013.

Pierce, Charles P. (January 17, 2013). "Still More About The Death Of Aaron Swartz", Esquire. Retrieved January 18, 2013.

Grandoni, Dino (January 15, 2013), "Tom Dolan, Husband of Aaron Swartz's Prosecutor", Huffington Post, retrieved January 16, 2013

McCullagh, Declan, Prosecutor in Aaron Swartz 'hacking' case comes under fire, CNet, January 15, 2013.. Retrieved January 17, 2013.

Stout, Matt, Ortiz: We never intended full penalty for Swartz, The Boston Herald, January 17, 2013.. Retrieved January 17, 2013.

Barnes, James, Hacker's suicide linked to 'overzealous' prosecutors, The Global Legal Post, 15 January 2013.. Retrieved January 17, 2013.

Dobuzinskis, Alex; P.J. Huffstutter (January 13, 2013). "Internet activist, programmer Aaron Swartz dead at 26". Reuters. That  belief — that information should be shared and available for the good  of society — prompted Swartz to found the nonprofit group Demand  Progress.

Vartanian, Hrag (February 7, 2013). "A roller tribute to two digital anarchist heroes". Brooklyn, NY: Hyperallergic. Retrieved June 1, 2013.

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Zak, Dan (July 26, 2013). "‘Printing Out the Internet' exhibit is crowdsourced work of art". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 August 2013.

"Crowdsourced art project aims to print out entire internet". CBC News. July 30, 2013.

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Zelman, Joanna. "WATCH: Aaron Swartz Found NSA Scope 'Scary'". Huffington Post.

Sneak preview of “The Internet’s Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz” | PandoDaily

The Internet's Own Boy: The Story Of Aaron Swartz - Festival Program | Sundance Institute

"The Internet’s Own Boy: Film on Aaron Swartz Captures Late Activist’s Struggle for Online Freedom". Democracy Now!. January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.

Knappenberger, Brian. "The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz". Internet Archive. Retrieved 3 August 2014.

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Matheson, Whitney (28 June 2014). "Internet's Own Boy: Tech activist's legacy". USA Today. p. B8.

"'The Internet's Own Boy' Is a Powerful Homage to Aaron Swartz". Mashable. January 23, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014.

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"PDF Tribute". Retrieved January 15, 2013.

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Vivalt, Eva (January 12, 2013). "In memoriam". Aid Economics. Eva Vivalt.

"Who we are". aidgrade.org. 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2013.

Ohlheiser, Abby (January 14, 2013). "Aaron Swartz death: #pdftribute hashtag aggregates copyrighted articles released online in tribute to internet activist". Slate. Retrieved January 16, 2013.

Manjoo, Farhad How MIT Can Honor Aaron Swartz Slate, 31 January 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.

Chan, Jennifer, To honor Aaron Swartz, let knowledge go free, U.S. News & World Report, 1 February 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.

Two RECAP Grants Awarded in Memory of Aaron Swartz | RECAP The Law

Kopstein, Joshua (March 13, 2013). "Aaron Swartz to receive posthumous ‘Freedom of Information' award for open access advocacy". The Verge. Retrieved March 24, 2013.

"James Madison Award". Ala.org. January 17, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.

Entire library journal editorial board resigns, citing 'crisis of conscience' after death of Aaron Swartz | The Verge

Journal’s  Editorial Board Resigns in Protest of Publisher’s Policy Toward Authors  – Wired Campus - Blogs - The Chronicle of Higher Education

"It  was just days after Aaron Swartz' death, and I was having a crisis of  conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access.". Feral Librarian. Retrieved November 19, 2014.

"Aaron Swartz". Economist.com. January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.

"Anonymous hacks MIT Web sites to post Aaron Swartz tribute, call to arms". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 13, 2013.

Kao, Joanna (January 19, 2013). "MIT email was down for 10 hours last night, Mystery Hunt temporarily affected". Tech Blogs (MIT). A mail loop caused by a series of malformed email messages led to an exhaustion of system resources....

Aush0k; TibitXimer (January 22, 2013). "R.I.P Aaron Swartz". [harvard.edu]. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. hacked by aush0k and tibitximer

Swartz, Aaron (August 2, 2009). "Life in a world of pervasive immorality: The ethics of being alive". Raw Thought: Aaron Swartz's Weblog. Is there sense in following [the] rules or are they just another example of the world's pervasive immorality?

Kao, Joanna (January 23, 2013). "MIT DNS hacked; traffic redirected". The Tech (MIT). p. 1. From  11:58 a.m. to 1:05 p.m., MIT's DNS was redirected ... to CloudFlare,  where the hackers had configured servers to return a Harvard IP  address.... By 7:15 p.m., CloudFlare removed the ‘mail.mit.edu' record,  which referred to the machine ... at KAIST.

Reported by Sabari Selvan. "United States Sentencing Commission(ussc.gov) hacked and defaced by Anonymous | Hacking News | Security updates". Ehackingnews.com. Retrieved January 29, 2013.

"Hackers take over sentencing commission website". Associated Press. January 26, 2013. ‘Two weeks ago today, a line was crossed,' the statement said.

Aarons ArkAngel (January 26, 2013). "Anonymous Operation Last Resort: Anonymous hacked USSC.GOV" (Flash video). YouTube.

"Anonymous hackers target US agency site". BBC News. January 26, 2013. The  hackers ... said the site was chosen for symbolic reasons. ‘The federal  sentencing guidelines ... enable prosecutors to cheat citizens of their  constitutionally guaranteed right to a fair trial ...,' the video  statement said.

Stanza, Arrow (January 6, 2014). "Springer Link hacked in honor of Aaron Swartz" (Press release). Slashdot. The material is published in honor of Aaron Swartz in springer-lta.co.nf. [Author’s pseudonym is an anagram of “aaron swartz”.]

"Swartz' death fuels debate over computer crime". Usatoday.com. January 14, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.

Smith, Gerry (January 15, 2013). "Aaron Swartz case ‘snowballed out of MIT's hands,' source says". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 16, 2013.

"President Reif writes to MIT community regarding Aaron Swartz" (Press release). MIT. January 13, 2013. I  have asked ... Abelson to lead a thorough analysis of MIT's involvement  from the time that we first perceived unusual activity on our network  in fall 2010....

"homepage". Swartz Review. MIT. January 23, 2013. IS&T  has created this web site so [community members] can suggest questions  and issues to guide the review... What questions should MIT be asking at  this stage of the Aaron Swartz review?

Nanos, Janelle (January 24, 2013). "MIT prof announces plans for Swartz review: A website is launched allowing for discussion of how his case was handled". Boston Magazine.

"MIT and Aaron Swartz's lawyers argue over releasing evidence". Techdirt. March 20, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.

Rebecca Greenfield (March 19, 2013). "MIT's peace offering of Aaron Swartz documents still won't be enough". The Atlantic Wire. Retrieved March 24, 2013.

"CAS – Central Authentication Service". Alum.mit.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-21.

Schwartz, John (July 30, 2013). "M.I.T. Releases Report on Its Role in the Case of Aaron Swartz". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 July 2013.

"MIT releases report on its actions in the Aaron Swartz case". MIT news. MIT News Office. July 30, 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.

"Report to the President: MIT and the Prosecution of Aaron Swartz". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.

"Petition: "Remove United States District Attorney Carmen Ortiz from office for overreach in the case of Aaron Swartz."". Wh.gov. January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.

Smith, Gerry (January 13, 2013). "Were The Charges Against Internet Activist Aaron Swartz Too Severe?". Huffington Post.

"Fire Assistant U.S. Attorney Steve Heymann". Wh.gov petition. January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.

Glenn Greenwald (January 16, 2013). "Carmen Ortiz and Stephen Heymann: accountability for prosecutorial abuse | Glenn Greenwald | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. Retrieved January 29, 2013.

"Convicted hacker Stephen Watt on Aaron Swartz: ‘It's just not justice'". VentureBeat. January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.

Sasso, Brendan; Jennifer Martinez (January 15, 2013). "Lawmakers slam DOJ prosecution of Swartz as ‘ridiculous, absurd'". Hillicon Valley. The Hill.

Reilly, Ryan J. (January 15, 2013). "Darrell Issa Probing Prosecution Of Aaron Swartz, Internet Pioneer Who Killed Himself". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved January 20, 2013.

http://www.cornyn.senate.gov/public/?a=Files.Serve&File_id=74c0afb3-1bc2-49f5-9150-0a8f004ef438 (pdf)

Pearce, Matt (January 18, 2013). "Aaron Swartz suicide has U.S. lawmakers scrutinizing prosecutors". latimes.com. Retrieved January 20, 2013.

Carter, Zach (January 18, 2013). "John Cornyn Criticizes Eric Holder Over Aaron Swartz's Death". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved January 20, 2013.

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Boeri, David and David Frank, Ortiz Under Fire: Critics Say Swartz Tragedy Is Evidence Of Troublesome Pattern, WBUR, 20 February 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

Reilly, Ryan J., Aaron Swartz Prosecutors Weighed 'Guerilla' Manifesto, Justice Official Tells Congressional Committee, Huffington Post, 22 February 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.

Masnick, Mike, DOJ Admits It Had To Put Aaron Swartz In Jail To Save Face Over The Arrest, techdirt, 25 February 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.

Masnick, Mike (March 7, 2013). "Holder: DOJ used discretion in bullying Swartz, press lacked discretion in quoting facts". Techdirt.

Masnick, Mike (March 8, 2013). "Aaron Swartz's partner accuses DOJ of lying, seizing evidence without a warrant & withholding exculpatory evidence". Techdirt.

Carter, Zach (March 22, 2013). "Al Franken Sends Eric Holder Letter Over 'Remarkably Aggressive' Aaron Swartz Prosecution". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved March 24, 2013.

H.R. 2454 at Congress.gov; H.R. 2454 at GovTrack; H.R. 2454 at OpenCongress. S. 1196 at Congress.gov; S. 1196 at GovTrack; S. 1196 at OpenCongress.

Musil, Steven (November 30, 2011). "New 'Aaron's Law' aims to alter controversial computer fraud law". Internet & Media News. CNET. Retrieved January 16, 2013.

Greenberg, Andrew ‘Andy' (January 16, 2013). "'Aaron's Law' Suggests Reforms To Computer Fraud Act (But Not Enough To Have Protected Aaron Swartz)". Forbes. Retrieved January 16, 2013.

Kerr, Oren, Aaron's Law, Drafting the Best Limits of the CFAA, And A Reader Poll on A Few Examples Volokh Conspiracy, 27 January 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.

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Lawrence Lessig. "the next words: A Lecture on Aaron's Law". Lessig. Retrieved February 21, 2013.

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Peterson, Andrea (February 16, 2013). "How FASTR Will Help Americans". Thinkprogress.org. Retrieved March 24, 2013.

"Wyden Bill Makes Taxpayer Funded Research Available to the Public | Press Releases | U.S. Senator Ron Wyden". Wyden.senate.gov. February 14, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.

Rosenblatt, Seth (November 9, 2013). "Call to action kicks off second Aaron Swartz hackathon". CNET News. Retrieved 10 November 2013.

Guthrie Weissman, Cale (November 8, 2013). "Tonight begins the second annual Aaron Swartz hackathon". Pando Daily. Retrieved 10 November 2013.

"Aaron Swartz Hackathon". Retrieved 9 November 2013.

Higgins, Parker (November 6, 2001). "Aaron Swartz Hackathons This Weekend to Continue his Work". Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). Retrieved 10 November 2013.

Rocheleau, Matt (October 21, 2013). "In Aaron Swartz' memory, hackathons to be held across globe, including at MIT, next month". Boston. Retrieved 10 November 2013.

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Lessig, Lawrence (10 January 2014). "Aaron's Walk: The New Hampshire Rebellion". Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 September 2014.

Boyko, Brian (11 January 2014). "It Begins. Thank you.". Retrieved 5 September 2014.

"Not A Bug, Inc.: Private company information". Businessweek. 2006-10-31. Retrieved February 17, 2014. The  company owns and operates portals that allow users to post contents and  create Websites.... As of October 31, 2006, [it] is a subsidiary of  CondéNet, Inc.... Key Executives for Not A Bug, Inc.: ... Huffman,  President and Director; ... Swartz, Treasurer and Director; ... Ohanian,  Secretary and Director.

"There was a third ‘co-founder’ of reddit", Today I Learned, Reddit, 2010-10-18, Aaron isn’t a founder of reddit.

Further reading

Nanos, Janelle (January 2014). "Losing Aaron". Boston.

Poulsen, Kevin. "MIT Moves to Intervene in Release of Aaron Swartz's Secret Service File." Wired. July 18, 2013.

Documentary video

Brian Knappenberger (Producer and Director), The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz. Participant Media: 2014. Via The Internet Archive, www.archive.org/ Run time: 105 minutes.

http://targetedindividualscanada.com/2011/01/26/electronic-harassments/

1975 AT THE UN THE SOWJET FOREIGNMINISTER OF RUSSIA (Ussr) Andrew Gromikow ASKED ABOUT THE NEW WEAPONS DESTROYING HEALTH, BRAINS , ENVIRONMENTS,

CAN'T SEE THEM MICROWAVES, LASERBEAMS, KILLER SATELLITES, CHEMTRAILS!

FULL POISONING OF FOOD, BEES, WATER (CHEMTRAILS AND FRACKING)

Electronic Harassments

January 26, 2011HRC

Continuation of Practical Survival Guide…

Since discovering that I am a targeted individual, I learned a lot. I am writing this blog to help out. I know there are other targeted individuals out there who are struggling. Who are probably being drugged, being institutionalized and who are homeless or at risk of becoming one. They are being harass daily 24/7 with direct energy weapons and maybe contemplating on giving-up. Please do not cave-in. This is what I learned, and hopefully will help you to keep your spirit up and to keep on fighting.

The third stage of targeting is the electronic harassments.  This involve direct energy weapons (electromagnetic radiation), microwave hearing, voice to skull, computer hacking, and other harassments that involves electronics. The perpetrators can access your security alarm, air condition, heater, fridge, television, clock, cell phones, landlines and computer. They can change the display dates and clocks on your electronic appliances. They can re-programmed your computer and television programs.   They can emit radiation on television or computer monitors.

Global Broadcasting of Harassments – I come to believe that targeted individuals’ harassment is broadcast globally. The perps will do their very best to make you think that this is a violation of your human rights which is by the way, is true. All to make you feel angry and frustrated. Counteract this, by using the broadcasting as a platform for your activism.  Always think that people are not stupid, that there are still many decent and sane people out there.  People who knows what is right and wrong.  And people who still believe in human rights, freedom and decency. Although other “countermeasures” like white noise, colorbars and six radio tracks do works, targeted individuals can also use or play mp3 tracks about OSEH (organized stalking and electronic harassments) while the harassments are being broadcast globally.

Physical Assaults – Targeted individuals will experienced physical threats verbally and through induced sounds. In my case, the induced sounds normally happened to me during the early hours of the morning, normally to wake me up. It also insinuate some sort of punishments imitating spanking or a blow in the head. At first I was bothered by this physical assault but I learned to bypass/ignore this.   Another physical assaults are the body attacks using direct energy weapons.  Targeted individuals will feel a pulse-like vibrations on the body.  He or she will feel a sting followed by strong itchiness.  Once he or she scratch the itchy area a unsual bump of red skins that looks like welt will appear.   Also, an attack on eyes will have the same results with watery, red sore eyes.   On several occasion, targeted indivisuals will experience several a hypnotic state while staring at computer monitor or anywhere.   Targeted individual will notice and learn to snap out of this state eventually.   Shortness of breath will follow an attack on chest.   Follow my advice on my previous blog about health in reducing the results of these attacks.

Hearing versus Listening – Hearing is simply the act of perceiving sound by the ear. If you are not hearing-impaired, it simply happens.  Listening, however, is something you consciously choose to do. Listening requires concentration so that your brain processes meaning from words and sentences.  Listening leads to learning (d.umn.edu). In this description, treat voice to skull as hearing, it’s an unavoidable sound that simply happens.  The sounds of an old door opening, the sound of the tree branches on a windy day, the sounds of creaky floors while walking.  Voice to skull harassments doesn’t need your concentration, your attention, it doesn’t need your brain to process it, its nothing, and it’s meaningless.  When it’s meaningless, you don’t have to listen to it.

V2K – The perpetrators will harassed you by impersonating your own voice while reading.  My elementary teacher thought me to “read with your eyes and not with your lips,” this tip are very true with targeted individuals.  It will take sometime for someone to learn how to read with your eyes as we are trained to read with our mouth and the harassers’ technology relies on the sounds that’s coming from your mouth while reading. There are techniques that can distinguish your own voice to the perps.’

Own It – Learn to “slow-read,” ‘rewind or fast forward,” all while reading. You will see that they will loss their rhythm. Also, when you realize the perpetrators are reading way ahead of you, stop and let them read by themselves.  When watching a movie and reading the end credits, stare at the screen, like looking at a blank screen and avoiding reading any letters or words.  Let them read by themselves and you will see that they are useless without your vision or cooperation.  Without you they can’t read!  So take charge and take full control.  Since sometimes you can’t stop them to read while your doing the same, take charge.  Ignore them.  You are the one who will decide what to read, how to read it (whether backward, forward, slow, or fast!), when to read it and where to read it!  It’s your brain, own it!

“Stop” button technique – When targeted individuals are being harassed using voice to skull or microwave hearing, the harassers used tailored harassment protocols. Use the “hearing vs listening” technique and take control of the protocols.  Once you start hearing negativity, counteracts this with “Stop” button technique.  Only positive thoughts will pass the door for processing. You only allow those thoughts that you wanted. Take full control what you wanted to think.  You’re brain, you’re the boss.  Without you they’re nothing.  Without you they will not get their funding/income.  So take charge.

Do not participate – Voice to skull or microwave hearing – Do not participate!  Whatever accusations, cursing, filthiness, nastiness the perps says, do not engage with then with any arguments!  Do not give them any attention.  Remember they are already getting paid and you’re not getting anything back except the physical and psychological harm.  Since they are forcing themselves into you, do not give them anything more but stare and silence which is more than enough.

Protocols – Targeted individuals will experience microwave and ELF hearing everywhere including from electronic appliances, air vents and running water. Most of these harassments are based on harassment information gathered during the initial surveillance.  These harasments are on-going and called protocols. Targeted individuals will have two main voice to skull harassments.  The first one is the voices that he or she can hear.  The second one is the silent or low frequencies.  Low frequency harassments are used to deceived targeted individuals, immitating his or her inner voice.   Eventually, targeted individuals will be able to distinguish between the two and the harassments patterns.  Used the hearing vs listening technique.  Learn to listen to your own breathing when the harassments is becoming out of control.  And remember not participate no matter what.  You will hear, “I told you so, he’s doing what I am saying,” or “He is following me!” or “Listen to me!”  No matter what, ignore them, its your brain, your thoughts, own it!  Take charge.

Exploitation – Every targeting has the same blueprint: surveillance, noise campaign, mobbing, stalking, electronic harassments.  The only difference is each individuals has its own personalities, life experiences and brain signatures.  These differences are used with each daily harassments.  In my case for example, microwave hearing/v2k harassments involves the use of people I know (whether personally or just the people I admire or abhor).   The harassments can be a past events or imaginary.  It can be a petty crimes of  friends; forbiden anti-Christian sins of a relatives;  my own intimate affair or sexual relationships of people I know; even my silly crush on celebrity!  Also, another regular harassments includes imaginary unrespectful, vulgar sexual acts normally spewed on my ear involving famous politician or the local politician where I am living.   All of these broadcast harassments are to ellicit reactions from me.   I believe that some are treating this harassments as some sort of entertainment and that no matter what the harassments are all about, everyone seems ok with this.  The perpetrators are exploiting everyone including the elders, children, religions, several enthnic group, governments and its legislation inciting hatred, planting doubts and lies like these are just normal daily occurances.

Impersonators – As they will play with your emotions, they will use all possible tricks imaginable. They are mostly a bunch of bad actors!  They will act and impersonate targeted individuals.  They will beg for pity using dialogue familiar to targets.  If targeted individuals likes movies, they will use movie lines taken from targeted individuals favorite movies.  They will cry (normally asking  for mercy) or shout (like he or she is asking for you to fight back), all rehearsed and seeking for target’s attention.  Sometimes they will use other voices, the most common, a child or a group of children crying, laughing, or shouting.  Again, all to get targets’ attention and to get him or her involve with their role-playing or scripts.  Do not participate.  Be aware of the silent impersonators who will immitate your own inner thoughts. Since this deceptive voice are impersonating you (most of the time these thoughts are commands), you have to ignore the audible follow-up harassments saying, “I told you, he’s following me!”    Take charge of your thought, “your brain, your thoughts!”   Don’t let criminal harassments be the focus of your daily routine.   There is more in life than criminal harassment.  Lastly, remember the most important advice I mentioned on my earlier blog, no matter what, wheter the voices are audible or silent, DO NOT COMMIT SUICIDE.

MONEY! – With all the time and effort the perpetrators spends on you, do not think that they’re not getting anything back. They will create a perception that this is for “national security,” for “counter-terrorism,” or for ‘behavioral modifications.”  All lies!  Unfortunately, the primary motive for this operations is money!  Contracts being developed and paid.  Companies and organizers profiting.  Technician getting a decent income and other benefits.  It’s all about making money, nothing else.  All other are just a bonus.  A few laughs there, a few entertainment here, but as the hype of having this technologies and the novelties attached to this died down, its all boils down to – everyone are getting something back, and that is money!

“Voices” on Running Water (Microwave hearing) – Targeted individuals will hear voices in running water in the faucet/shower, counteract this by not turning the faucet in full maximum capacity, reducing the sounds into minimum. This technique will reduce the soundwave coming from the running water and will also reduce the intensity of harassments (voices). One will also have to learn not to flush the toilet while still inside the room, do this before exiting so that you will avoid hearing the sounds of the water while the water tank is refilling.  While taking shower, again, do not turn the shower in maximum level, minimize the running water into minimum, if you notice that the harassment (voices) are getting too intense even with the minimum level, wet your body so you can lather with soap then turn the water on, only when its time for you to rinse.

Turn It OFF – While you can minimize the sound coming from running water, I am still investigating how to prevent or minimize the harassment coming from air vents, microwave and fridge. You can turn this off as usual or put some insulation so that it will be reduce the noise while its running.

Cassette Tape – Do not use the black cassette tape ribbons as a shield pasted in your hats.  This does not work.  The tape ribbons are magnetic and will attract radiation.  Your head will be cook.

Shields – Unless your Oprah, and I assume you are not and you cannot afford to buy the expensive anti-electromagnetic fabrics, use this techniques. Wear several underwear for protection to radiation attacks in your genitals. Wear thick sweater and hood to cover your head and chest area. When sleeping, use several blanket and pillows to minimize the sting of pulse radiation attacks.  Avoid bed with metal coils instead use bed with all foams.  If you can’t avoid this, put several blankets on top of your bed or sleep in wood or floors.

Symptoms – Take note of the symptoms of the electromagnetic radiation so that you can lessen the pains. There are regular attack hours and there are some intervals or rest periods.  The whole sequences is to make it sure no one will notice or no one will question the torture.  The most common outcomes of the torture are cancer and heart attacks.  Daily symptoms are: racing or irregular heart beats, hard/heavy pumping of heart, fatigue/exhaustion, dizziness, loss of balance, intense headaches, skin dryness, intense body itchiness followed by scarring.

Cell or Mobile Phones – Unless you have no way of other means of communication, do not use cell or mobile phones. These devices can be use to zap you or attack you with radiation. Cell phone can also use for harassment and tracking devices.  Be very aware of the mobile companies who are also used to make sure that targeted individuals accumulate bills/debts.  It is also used for unsolicited telemarketing and other harassments calls like the most common, ‘wrong number calls.”

PC – When it comes to hacking, targeted individuals will experience several computer crashes even with anti-virus software stored or used. The perpetrators will have access to your computer at home and at work. They will have access to your personal files.  They will used and manipulate your files so that you will feel violated and induced the feeling of you have something to hide.

USB – If you have nothing to hide, you have nothing to worry about but just in case they got crazy, protect yourself by saving your personal files using external devices like USB and discs.  Avoid visiting sex related internet sites as they can use this to harass you even if you think that there is nothing wrong with this as you are an adult.  Keep your personal documents out of your hard drives and have a paper copies.

Social Media – Do not get mad if you cannot download your files faster or if you loss connections while downloading your files to you tube and other social network.  These are part of the harassments.  You will received friend requests from people you don’t know and other comments, that seeks your attentions or opinions on facebook.  If you decided to use social media as your platform, be ready with all the harassments.  Sometimes it will test your patience.  And again, do not assume everyone is there to harass you. Despite all the manipulations of your internet use, treat all the social network, other web-sites and internet uses as platform for your activism and as networking tool to reach out and meet new friends.

Blog – If you are maintaining a blog, expect typos and errors. Sometimes your mind can’t keep up with the harassments and you will type several spelling or grammatical errors.  Do not loss your cool.  Nobody is perfect. Sometimes you will have your web-site being manipulated.  Sometime even the clock date display on your PC and web-sites you regularly visits will be manipulated and changed.  All to make you feel confused.  Make sure to have a paper calendar and other reliable source of info.

Jobs – If you are looking for a job, you’ll notice visible job ads both online and newspaper that matches or appeared to be tailored made to your credentials, you’ll apply for it and will received automatic replies saying, the person you contacted is on maternity leave or not available and the e-mail will give another contact person. This is another example of cyber harassment. You can check this by trying to use the same e-mail in a few days and weeks and you will get the same results.  I found this accidentally when I try to add all my contacts using the invite options at LinkedIn web site and facebook.  I received the same automatic replies from the organizations or person I e-mailed for job ads long time ago.  It is unusual or even weird for all these people to be pregnant or on leave at the same time!  Make a list of all the companies/person and avoid them.  You don’t want to be associated or work for organizations or companies who participate in crimes.

Next, Dis-information…

click on the pic for more data in the introduction and study the comment-feed for more links and data

THE RFID-CHIP-DESASTER (OPEN ALL READ ALL)

All we need to know and all reasons to stop this right now in the name of human rights!

THINK ABOUT EVERY ELECTROSMOG KILLS!

WIFI, Bluetooth, GSM, UMTS. What is about people working in these areas? They even get sick! GUESS WHAT? THIS IS THE GREAT NEW NWO BIG BIZZ. The big NWO business general assassination before getting the pension retirement....AND PART OF THE WORLD POPULATION REDUCTION PLAN.

Study the comment-feed of this SD_ECBS-data-container

https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.863935130308074.1073741901.237775506257376&type=3

http://yournewswire.com/video-new-executive-order-gives-us-gov-power-to-force-vaccines-and-rfid-chips/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xs002DBxqfU#t=16

READ THE WHOLE ARTICLE UNDER

https://www.facebook.com/notes/sd_ecbs/rfid-chipping-desaster-as-part-of-the-world-population-reduction-plan/864140870287500

.....yesterday I talked to a US citizen her brother was in GOLFWAR 1

they made this anthrax stuff at the end was false flag operations to have a reason to vaccines all US GI'S including the chipping of these THEY ALL ARE CHIPPED SINCE THEN

Boston bombers all others US inner terrorist all have been chipped before.....

http://www.occupycorporatism.com/researchers-determine-that-gulf-war-veterans-have-brain-damage/

BUT FIRST YOU HAVE TO THINK ABOUT WHY THE RFID TECHNOLOGY IS SO SIMILAR TO ALIEN DESIGNED IMPLANTED CHIPS??? THESE ARE ALIEN MADE IMPLANTS!!

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https://www.facebook.com/237775506257376/photos/a.863935130308074.1073741901.237775506257376/863940000307587/?type=3&theater

Removing extraterristrial implants with Dr. Leir:....................

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWgyWSlIJtU

Study the comment-feed of this SD_ECBS-data-container

https://www.facebook.com/237775506257376/photos/a.860781453956775.1073741898.237775506257376/864632300238357/?type=3&theater

Study the comment-feed of this SD_ECBS-data-container

https://www.facebook.com/267908053414757/photos/pb.267908053414757.-2207520000.1417606827./303689303169965/?type=1&theater

watch at 01 hour 47 minutes.... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3Ya5qiiW6k

WOW ALL PLANNED IN 1996?........... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVidr7lK8zA

With this technology you are remotecontroled

woman get pregnant against the baby pills

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_Fc6oLZOvM&feature=youtu.be+

MOSSAT EVEN CAN KILL chipped persons

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCVVUuvXOoc

http://americannews.com/nbc-claims-all-americans-will-be-implanted-with-microchips-for-obamacare/

http://www.truthfeed.net/like-it-or-not-nbc-news-reports-all-americans-will-receive-a-microchip-implant-in-2017-per-obamacareheres-the-facts/

Open all read all:

https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=484905041609412&set=a.105175092915744.5328.100002697616533&type=3&theater

http://beforeitsnews.com/paranormal/2014/03/the-new-world-order-s-rfid-chip-implant-mind-control-device-is-about-to-be-released-illuminati-video-2466498.html

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https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=484905041609412&set=a.105175092915744.5328.100002697616533&type=3&theater

RFID-CHIPPING TECHNOLOGY Technical analysis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16ZH1Z6plf0&feature=share&list=PLPzQMepGIeOdu-y9ifFruzHHuIqWqWCSt&index=3

Dr. Rauni Leena Luukanen-Kilde on Mind Control

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-rdk8mOx9E

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGcatieMvfk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFDsPnqL_ms

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7mjUVf0Ypo

http://cnr9.com/r-f-i-d-micro-chip-found-implanted-in-local-man/

http://qpress.de/2014/08/22/rund-50-000-frauen-gehackt-bis-zu-78-prozent-davon-jetzt-schwanger/

SOCIAL POISONING WITH ELECTRIC WAVES (Open all links)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Avak9DtXoQ&index=8&list=PLPzQMepGIeOdu-y9ifFruzHHuIqWqWCSt

Study the comment-feed of this SD_ECBS-data-container

https://www.facebook.com/237775506257376/photos/a.860753037292950.1073741896.237775506257376/860753097292944/?type=1&theater

BELGIUM WORLDS FIRST COUNTRY INHIBIT MOBILE PHONES FOR CHILDREN!!

https://www.facebook.com/237775506257376/photos/a.860753037292950.1073741896.237775506257376/860753073959613/?type=3&theater

http://www.noz.de/deutschland-welt/gut-zu-wissen/artikel/84564/belgien-verbietet-handys-fur-kinder

http://www.health.belgium.be/eportal/19089508_EN#.VFwkrclqwUm

Study the comment-feed of this SD_ECBS-data-container

https://www.facebook.com/237775506257376/photos/a.860753037292950.1073741896.237775506257376/860753073959613/?type=3&theater

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https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=792555097446078&set=a.792555064112748.1073741875.237775506257376&type=1&theater

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2059223/Mobile-phones-health-time-bomb-studies-link-use-illnesses.html

http://www.supporters-desk.com/index.php?option=com_agora&task=topic&id=193&Itemid=30

ENGLAND STOP SMART METERS BECAUSE OF IT'S DANGER!!!!!http://lucas2012infos.wordpress.com/2013/06/26/united-kingdom-stops-smartmeter-installations-26-june-2013/

https://www.facebook.com/pages/SmartMeter-Action/223243817707442

THE FREE ENERGY IS THERE DISCOVERED IN 1269

http://realfreeenergy-earthoptimization.blogspot.de/

https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=743400775694844&set=a.360053300696262.91864.237775506257376&type=3&theater

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkswXVmG4xM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgKMgJKLB5s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PL5rtnCBhHE

https://www.facebook.com/pages/Dr-Steven-M-Greer/194568653910069?sk=timeline

SUPPORT THE CAMPAIGN AND REPOST

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https://www.facebook.com/237775506257376/photos/a.860781453956775.1073741898.237775506257376/862031770498410/?type=3&theater

https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.860781453956775.1073741898.237775506257376&type=3

http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/12/31/nsa_weapons_catalogue_promises_pwnage_at_the_speed_of_light/

THIS SERVICE IS PRESENTED BY

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https://www.facebook.com/pages/Allda-Ben-Marius-de-Bruycker/267908053414757?fref=ts

Microchip Implants, Mind Control, & Cybernetics

    By Rauni-Leena Luukanen-Kilde, MD, Former Chief Medical Officer of Finland

    http://educate-yourself.org/mc/implantsmcandcybernetics06dec00.shtml

    Dec. 6, 2000

    http://www.conspiracyarchive.com/NWO/microchip_implants_mind_control.htm

    In 1948 Norbert Weiner published a book, Cybernetics, defined as a neurological communication and control theory already in use in small circles at that time. Yoneji Masuda, "Father of the Information Society," stated his concern in 1980 that our liberty is threatened Orwellian-style by cybernetic technology totally unknown to most people. This technology links the brains of people via implanted microchips to satellites controlled by ground-based supercomputers.

    The first brain implants were surgically inserted in 1974 in the state of Ohio, USA and also in Stockholm, Sweden. Brain electrodes were inserted into the skulls of babies in 1946 without the knowledge of their parents. In the 1950s and 60s, electrical implants were inserted into the brains of animals and humans, especially in the U.S., during research into behavior modification, and brain and body functioning. Mind Control (MC) methods were used in attempts to change human behaviour and attitudes. Influencing brain functions became an important goal of military and intelligence services.

    Thirty years ago brain implants showed up in X-rays the size of one centimetre. Subsequent implants shrunk to the size of a grain of rice. They were made of silicon, later still of gallium arsenide. Today they are small enough to be inserted into the neck or back, and also intravenously in different parts of the body during surgical operations, with or without the consent of the subject. It is now almost impossible to detect or remove them.

    It is technically possible for every newborn to be injected with a microchip, which could then function to identify the person for the rest of his or her life. Such plans are secretly being discussed in the U.S. without any public airing of the privacy issues involved. In Sweden, Prime Minister Olof Palme gave permission in 1973 to implant prisoners, and Data Inspection's ex-Director General Jan Freese revealed that nursing-home patients were implanted in the mid-1980s. The technology is revealed in the 1972:47 Swedish state report, Statens Officiella Utradninger (SOU).

    Implanted human beings can be followed anywhere. Their brain functions can be remotely monitored by supercomputers and even altered through the changing of frequencies. Guinea pigs in secret experiments have included prisoners, soldiers, mental patients, handicapped children, deaf and blind people, homosexuals, single women, the elderly, school children, and any group of people considered "marginal" by the elite experimenters. The published experiences of prisoners in Utah State Prison, for example, are shocking to the conscience.

    Today's microchips operate by means of low-frequency radio waves that target them. With the help of satellites, the implanted person can be tracked anywhere on the globe. Such a technique was among a number tested in the Iraq war, according to Dr. Carl Sanders, who invented the intelligence-manned interface (IMI) biotic, which is injected into people. (Earlier during the Vietnam War, soldiers were injected with the Rambo chip, designed to increase adrenaline flow into the bloodstream.) The 20-billion-bit/second supercomputers at the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) could now "see and hear" what soldiers experience in the battlefield with a Remote Monitoring System (RMS).

    When a 5-micromillimeter microchip (the diameter of a strand of hair is 50 micromillimeters) is placed into optical nerve of the eye, it draws neuroimpulses from the brain that embody the experiences, smells, sights, and voice of the implanted person. Once transferred and stored in a computer, these neuroimpulses can be projected back to the person's brain via the microchip to be reexperienced. Using a RMS, a land-based computer operator can send

    electromagnetic messages (encoded as signals) to the nervous system, affecting the target's performance. With RMS, healthy persons can be induced to see hallucinations and to hear voices in their heads.

    Every thought, reaction, hearing, and visual observation causes a certain neurological potential, spikes, and patterns in the brain and its electromagnetic fields, which can now be decoded into thoughts, pictures, and voices. Electromagnetic stimulation can therefore change a person's brainwaves and affect muscular activity, causing painful muscular cramps experienced as torture.

    The NSA's electronic surveillance system can simultaneously follow and handle millions of people. Each of us has a unique bioelectrical resonance frequency in the brain, just as we have unique fingerprints. With electromagnetic frequency (EMF) brain stimulation fully coded, pulsating electromagnetic signals can be sent to the brain, causing the desired voice and visual effects to be experienced by the target. This is a form of electronic warfare. U.S. astronauts were implanted before they were sent into space so their thoughts could be followed and all their emotions could be registered 24 hours a day.

    The Washington Post reported in May 1995 that Prince William of Great Britain was implanted at the age of 12. Thus, if he were ever kidnapped, a radio wave with a specific frequency could be targeted to his microchip. The chip's signal would be routed through a satellite to the computer screen of police headquarters, where the Prince's movements could be followed. He could actually be located anywhere on the globe.

    The mass media has not reported that an implanted person's privacy vanishes for the rest of his or her life. She can be manipulated in many ways. Using different frequencies, the secret controller of this equipment can even change a person's emotional life. She can be made aggressive or lethargic. Sexuality can be artificially influenced. Thought signals and subconscious thinking can be read, dreams affected and even induced, all without the knowledge or consent of the implanted person.

    A perfect cyber-soldier can thus be created. This secret technology has been used by military forces in certain NATO countries since the 1980s without civilian and academic populations having heard anything about it. Thus, little information about such invasive mind-control systems is available in professional and academic journals.

    The NSA's Signals Intelligence group can remotely monitor information from human brains by decoding the evoked potentials (3.50 HZ, 5 milliwatt) emitted by the brain. Prisoner experimentees in both Gothenburg, Sweden and Vienna, Austria have been found to have evident brain lesions. Diminished blood circulation and lack of oxygen in the right temporal frontal lobes result where brain implants are usually operative. A Finnish experimentee experienced brain atrophy and intermittent attacks of unconsciousness due to lack of oxygen.

    Mind control techniques can be used for political purposes. The goal of mind controllers today is to induce the targeted persons or groups to act against his or her own convictions and best interests. Zombified individuals can even be programmed to murder and remember nothing of their crime afterward. Alarming examples of this phenomenon can be found in the U.S.

    This “silent war” is being conducted against unknowing civilians and soldiers by military and intelligence agencies. Since 1980, electronic stimulation of the brain (ESB) has been secretly used to control people targeted without their knowledge or consent. All international human rights agreements forbid non consensual manipulation of human beings — even in prisons, not to speak of civilian populations.

    Under an initiative of U.S. Senator John Glenn, discussions commenced in January 1997 about the dangers of radiating civilian populations. Targeting people’s brain functions with electromagnetic fields and beams (from helicopters and airplanes, satellites, from parked vans, neighboring houses, telephone poles, electrical appliances, mobile phones, TV, radio, etc.) is part of the radiation problem that should be addressed in democratically elected government bodies.

    In addition to electronic MC, chemical methods have also been developed. Mind-altering drugs and different smelling gasses affecting brain function negatively can be injected into air ducts or water pipes. Bacteria and viruses have also been tested this way in several countries.

    Today's super technology, connecting our brain functions via microchips (or even without them, according to the latest technology) to computers via satellites in the U.S. or Israel, poses the gravest threat to humanity. The latest supercomputers are powerful enough to monitor the whole world’s population. What will happen when people are tempted by false premises to allow microchips into their bodies? One lure will be a microchip identity card. Compulsory legislation has even been secretly proposed in the U.S. to criminalize removal of an ID implant.

    Are we ready for the robotization of mankind and the total elimination of privacy, including freedom of thought? How many of us would want to cede our entire life, including our most secret thoughts, to Big Brother? Yet the technology exists to create a totalitarian New World Order. Covert neurological communication systems are in place to counteract independent thinking and to control social and political activity on behalf of self-serving private and military interests.

    When our brain functions are already connected to supercomputers by means of radio implants and microchips, it will be too late for protest. This threat can be defeated only by educating the public, using available literature on biotelemetry and information exchanged at international congresses.

    One reason this technology has remained a state secret is the widespread prestige of the psychiatric Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV produced by the U.S. American Psychiatric Association (APA) and printed in 18 languages. Psychiatrists working for U.S. intelligence agencies no doubt participated in writing and revising this manual. This psychiatric "bible" covers up the secret development of MC technologies by labeling some of their effects as symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia.

    Victims of mind control experimentation are thus routinely diagnosed, knee-jerk fashion, as mentally ill by doctors who learned the DSM “symptom” list in medical school. Physicians have not been schooled that patients may be telling the truth when they report being targeted against their will or being used as guinea pigs for electronic, chemical and bacteriological forms of psychological warfare.

    Time is running out for changing the direction of military medicine, and ensuring the future of human freedom.

    This article was originally published in the 36th-year edition of the Finnish-language journal SPEKULA (3rd Quarter, 1999). SPEKULA (circulation 6500) is a publication of Northern Finland medical students and doctors of Oulu University OLK (Oulun Laaketieteellinen Kilta). It is mailed to all medical students of Finland and all Northern Finland medical doctors.

    Rauni-Leena Luukanen-Kilde

http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/terrorists-chip-in/

Information-security expert Lukas Grunwald is not reluctant to share his opinion of the radio frequency identification (RFID) technology that is now a mandatory security feature of American passports.

“This whole design is totally brain damaged,” Grunwald told Wired magazine. “From my point of view all of these RFID passports are a huge waste of money. They’re not increasing security at all.”

RFID chips or tags are tiny data storage units, generally the size of a grain of rice, equipped with radio transmitters. The new “e-passports” issued by the U.S. government have a passive RFID chip embedded in the back containing personal information, including a digitized photograph and, in the future, a fingerprint. The chip is activated by passing it in front of a reading mechanism that transmits the appropriate radio signal.

Under a U.S. law passed in 2002, the 27 countries participating in the Visa Waiver Program—most of them European—are required to install RFID chips in their passports. U.S. citizens returning from abroad must now present a passport to customs officers, and since Jan. 1, 2007, the U.S. government has issued e-passports to Americans renewing travel documents or obtaining them for the first time. The State Department insists that the new digitized passports are more secure. Experts like Lukas Grunwald strongly beg to differ.

During last August’s Black Hat security conference in Las Vegas, Nevada, Grunwald, a consultant with DN-Systems Enterprise Solutions in Germany, demonstrated the ease with which the RFID-enhanced e-passports can be hacked and cloned. Along with an associate named Christian Bottger, Grunwald developed a cloning program that can duplicate an e-passport’s digital information in roughly five minutes using an RFID reader he purchased on eBay. The cloned passport chip is completely indistinguishable from the genuine article.

Grunwald was neither the first nor the only techie to expose the vulnerabilities of e-passports. In January 2006, the Dutch security firm Riscure conducted a similar experiment for “Nieuwslicht,” a television news program in the Netherlands. Using a personal computer and a commercially available radio receiver, Riscure was able to read the digital information of a prototype Dutch e-passport (which uses the same RFID chip and encryption scheme as the new U.S. passports) from a distance of about 30 centimeters. With that information, Riscure cracked the e-passport’s password in roughly two hours and thus gained full access to the RFID chip’s contents, including a digital picture, fingerprint, and other personal information.

“Nearly every country issuing this passport has a few security experts who are yelling out … ‘This is not secure,’” Grunwald points out. “This is not a good idea to use this technology.’” British computer security expert Adam Laurie of Bunker Secure Hosting expresses that view in more colorful terms, comparing the supposedly ultra-secure e-passport system to “installing a solid steel front door to your house and then putting the key under the mat.”

Laurie himself has rigged a device that can swipe an e-passport’s information from a distance of slightly less than eight centimeters. That distance is “enough if your target subject is sitting next to you on the London Underground or crushed up against you on the Gatwick Airport monorail, his pocketed passport next to the reader you have hidden in a bag,” writes Steven Boggan of London’s Guardian.

A technical study performed in 2005 demonstrated that it’s possible to eavesdrop on an RFID passport from greater distances. Using an electronic “leech,” researchers were able to read personal data from about 50 centimeters and then relay it to a second device called a “ghost” up to 50 meters away. A relay system of this sort in a crowded travel node—an airport, bus station, or subway—would make it possible for information thieves to harvest countless digital profiles from e-passports.

What use could be made of a cloned e-passport? Wouldn’t it be easier to simply steal a physical passport, as defenders of the new system maintain?

According to Grunwald, the biometric features that supposedly make the RFID-enhanced passport more secure may actually benefit terrorists, smugglers, and others in the market for phony travel documents, in large part because those features make stealing physical passports unnecessary.

Although a cloned chip cannot be altered to add new biometric information, such as a new fingerprint, Grunwald contends that there are “established ways of making forged fingerprints” that can fool automated security systems. And electronically stored photographs would pose only minor obstacles to terrorists. As the Guardian’s Steve Boggan points out, “if a terrorist bore a slight resemblance to you—and grew a beard, perhaps—he would have a good chance of getting through a border. Because his chip is cloned, with the necessary digital signatures, and because you have not reported your passport stolen—you still have it!—his machine-readable travel document will get him wherever he wants to go, using your identity.”

The potential usefulness of e-passports to terrorists goes well beyond merely making identity theft easier. Some privacy advocates and business groups are concerned that the new U.S. passports will leave Americans more vulnerable to violent crime abroad—from petty theft to kidnapping to murder.

The Business Travel Coalition worries that the RFID-equipped passports “will put American business travelers at risk of identity theft and physical harm.” Greeley Koch, president of the Association of Corporate Travel Executives, seconds that criticism. “The thought that your travel documents could be broadcasting your nationality to those with an interest in harming U.S. citizens is bad enough,” states Koch. “But it could also be pinpointing likely targets for pickpockets, thieves, and even providing information to steal.”

In a paper submitted to the State Department two years ago, information security experts Ari Jules, David Molnar, and David Wagner describe some terrifying potential uses for stolen e-passport data. One possibility is that captured data would “enable the construction of ‘American-sniffing’ bombs, since U.S. e-passports [do] not use encryption to protect confidentiality of data.” Another “unpleasant prospect,” as the authors put it, is the advent of an “‘RFID-enabled bomb,’ an explosive device that is keyed to explode at [a] particular individual’s RFID reading.”

In an April 4, 2005 submission to the State Department’s Office of Passport Policy, representatives of six privacy and cyber-security advocacy groups protested that “the proposed RFID passport unjustifiably endangers passport holders’ privacy and creates substantial security and other problems.” They also pointed out that the State Department had no statutory authority to issue the e-passport. The Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 mandates that the countries participating in the Visa Waiver Program upgrade their passports with RFID technology, but as the State Department admits, “the United States is not mandated to comply” with that provision.

So in addition to making American citizens and their travel documents less secure, the e-passport program is technically illegal. Why did Washington make the program’s creation such an urgent priority? At least part of the answer is corrupt corporatist profiteering.

The watchdog group Consumers Against Supermarket Privacy Invasion and Numbering (CASPIAN) obtained a December 2004 memo from the General Services Administration urging federal agency heads to engage in something akin to what the film industry calls “product placement” advertising on behalf of RFID technology.

The GSA, which administers federal procurement policies, instructed agency heads “to consider action that can be taken to advance the [RFID] industry by demonstrating the long-term intent of the agency to adopt RFID technological solutions. … [A]gencies need to determine how to best implement RFID technology on current or proposed contracts, grants, and cooperative agreements.”

Since that time, notes CASPIAN, “major RFID initiatives have been publicized by a number of government agencies, including Social Security, NASA, the Postal Service, and the Department of Homeland Security, among others.” “Buying needed equipment is one thing,” observes CASPIAN founder Katherine Albrecht, co-author of the RFID exposé Spychips. “Finding excuses to purchase and promote controversial technology at taxpayer expense is another.”

Former Homeland Security Czar Tom Ridge embodies the nexus between the growing RFID industry and the thriving federal Homeland Security apparatus. In April 2005, Ridge joined the board of directors at Savi Technology, a Silicon Valley RFID firm. A few months later, Tommy Thompson, who had been George W. Bush’s first-term Secretary of Health and Human Services, joined the board of Applied Digital, which manufactures human-implantable “VeriChip” RFID tags containing medical information and other personal data. Thompson did his part to promote the technology by “getting chipped” in his arm.

In countries like Mexico and Brazil, where kidnapping is rampant, thousands of people have been chipped as a personal security measure. Colombian President Alvaro Uribe, among others, has suggested that laborers migrating to the United States for seasonal work should be implanted with microchips, a suggestion that found favor with some immigration reformers on Capitol Hill. Two years ago, Brittain Elementary School in Sutter, California, mandated that all its students carry an RFID tag.

All of these developments and proposals may herald an era of what the Scientific American calls “Human Inventory Control,” an inescapable worldwide system of digital surveillance and pervasive personal insecurity. The architects of that system are already positioning themselves to cash in.

WE HONOUR HER HOLYNESS WHISTLEBLOWING

Ex-Health Minister of Finland ,

Rauni-Leena Luukanen-Kilde,

died this year under suspicious incidents in her sisters home, February 2015

speaks about Extraterrestrial beings & Aliens, UFOs and suppressed technology, Mind Control, Secrets, Coverups and Conspiracies.

http://www.supporters-desk.com/index.php?option=com_agora&task=topic&id=130&Itemid=30#p3664